Jake Phillips PhD, PGCert, MSc, BA (Hons), FHEA
Reader in Criminology
Summary
As Lecturer in Criminology I teach undergraduate students across all levels.
I also act as Academic Advisor for Level 4 and 5 students as well as dissertation supervisor at Level 6.
In addition to teaching I am involved in research and scholarly activities which centre mainly on probation and community sanctions and, more broadly, penology.
About
I joined Sheffield Hallam University in September 2012 where I am involved in delivering core and optional modules on the criminology programmes as well as supervising dissertation students and conducting research.
Prior to coming to Sheffield Hallam I was at the University of Cambridge where I completed my PhD which examined the culture of probation. I was also involved in teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as conducting research into deaths under probation supervision and the implementation of a Bail Accommodation and Support Service.
I have worked in various roles in the criminal justice system. The roles have all involved working with offenders in the community and have, at different times, focused on employment, training and education; drug using offenders; and housing support.
Teaching
Department Of Law and Criminology
College of Social Sciences and Arts
I teach on undergraduate modules at all levels including: Graduate Research and Development, Controversies of Punishment, Experiencing Custodial and Community Sanctions, and Crime and Justice in the Information Age.
I am module leader of Controversies of Punishment and Experiencing Custodial and Community Sanctions.
I teach core criminological and penological theory modules at Levels 4 and 5 and teach on optional modules related to the prison, rehabilitation and punishment, and drugs, crime and justice.
Research
My research centres on the intersection of policy and practice in the field of probation and community sanctions.
I am currently engaged in research on: emotional labour in probation; the impact of inspection on probation; and the deaths of offenders in the community with a focus on self-inflicted deaths and access to justice.
Previous projects include:
- Using Practice Diaries to Understand Probation Practice across Europe with colleagues from 5 EU countries as part of the COST Network on Offender Supervision in Europe
- Research which examines the process of privatisation in the English and Welsh probation service
- Research on conceptualisations of the desistance process
Publications
Journal articles
Phillips, J., & Bower, R. (2023). The role of language in probation: a creative conversation. Probation Journal: the journal of community and criminal justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/02645505231166936
Peplow, D., & Phillips, J. (2023). Remote parole oral hearings: more efficient, but at what cost? Criminology and Criminal Justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231163278
Phillips, J. (2023). Editorial PQ27. Probation Quarterly, 27, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/gjvc3870
Westaby, C., Phillips, J., Fowler, A., & Ainslie, S. (2022). ‘Pushed from above and pushed from below’: emotional labour and dual identities amongst senior probation officers in England and Wales. European Journal of Probation, 15 (1). http://doi.org/10.1177/20662203221144119
Kawalek, A., Phillips, J., & Greenslade, A.-.M. (2022). The significance of the judge within the choices and consequences and prolific intensive schemes: international lessons for England and Wales and back again. International Journal for Court Administration, 13 (2). http://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.442
Phillips, J., Ainslie, S., Fowler, A., & Westaby, C. (2022). Lifting the lid on Pandora’s box: putting professional curiosity into practice. Criminology and Criminal Justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221116323
Ainslie, S., Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Westaby, C. (2022). ‘A nice idea but…..’: Implementing a reflective supervision model in the National Probation Service in England and Wales. Reflective Practice. http://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2022.2066075
Phillips, J. (2022). The impact of the pandemic on probation: lessons for the future. Safer Communities. http://doi.org/10.1108/SC-11-2021-0047
Phillips, J. (2021). Editorial Probation Quarterly 22. Probation Quarterly, 22, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/kwaf8261
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Ainslie, S., & Fowler, A. (2021). ‘I don't like this job in my front room’: Practising probation in the COVID-19 pandemic. Probation Journal, 68 (4), 426-443. http://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050867
Phillips, J. (2021). An analysis of inspection in probation and its impact on practitioners, practice and providers. Probation Journal: the journal of community and criminal justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211041577
Phillips, J. (2021). Editorial Probation Quarterly Issue 21. Probation Quarterly, 21, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/iwsz5682
PHILLIPS, J. (2021). Desistance and Societies in Comparative Perspective D.Segev. Abingdon: Routledge (2020) 238pp. £120hb, £25.89e‐book ISBN 978‐0‐367‐25369‐1; I978‐0‐429‐28741‐1. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60 (3), 453-455. http://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12447
Phillips, J., Ainslie, S., Fowler, A., & Westaby, C. (2021). ‘What does professional curiosity mean to you?’: an exploration of professional curiosity in probation. The British Journal of Social Work. http://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab019
Albertson, K., Phillips, J., Fowler, A., & Collinson, B. (2020). Who owns desistance? A triad of agency enabling social structures in the desistance process. Theoretical Criminology: an international journal. http://doi.org/10.1177/1362480620968084
Phillips, J., Albertson, K., Collinson, B., & Fowler, A. (2020). Delivering desistance-focused probation in community hubs: five key ingredients. Probation Journal: the journal of community and criminal justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550520939176
Waters, J., Phillips, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (2020). The emotions and emotional labour of criminological researchers. Methodological Innovations, 13 (2), 2059799120926059. http://doi.org/10.1177/2059799120926059
Westaby, C., Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Waters, J. (2020). Conformity, conflict and negotiation in criminal justice work: Understanding practice through the lens of emotional labour. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 61, 100390. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100390
Waters, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Phillips, J. (2020). The emotional labour of doctoral criminological researchers. Methodological Innovations, 13 (2). http://doi.org/10.1177/2059799120925671
Phillips, J. (2020). What should happen after the death of a probationer? Learning from suicide investigations in prison. Probation Journal. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550519899994
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2019). Preventing suicide amongst people under supervision. Probation Quarterly.
Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Phillips, J. (2019). Managing emotion in probation practice: display rules, values and the performance of emotional labour by probation practitioners in their interactions with client. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.100362
Phillips, J. (2019). What went wrong with attempts to outsource probation? Lessons from the Transforming Rehabilitation programme in England and Wales. Archbold Review, (7), 5-10. https://www.archbolde-update.co.uk/PDF/2019/Archbold%20Review%20-%20Issue%207%20PRESS.pdf
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2019). Deaths while under probation supervision: what role for human rights legislation? Political Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12746
Phillips, J. (2019). Probation and politics: Academic reflections from former practitioners. Palgrave Macmillan 2016. The british journal of criminology, 59 (2), 501-503. http://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy053
Phillips, J., Fowler, A., & Westaby, C. (2018). Self-disclosure in criminal justice: what form does it take and what does it achieve? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62 (12), 3890-3909. http://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17751528
Phillips, J., Padfield, N., & Gelsthorpe, L. (2018). Suicide and community justice. Health and Justice, 6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-018-0072-7
Philips, J. (2018). Book review: Desistance from Crime: New Advances in Theory and Research. Probation Journal, 65 (1), 109-110. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550517752750b
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2017). Non-custodial deaths: Missing, ignored or unimportant? Criminology and Criminal Justice. http://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817745939
Phillips, J. (2017). Probation practice in the information age. Probation Journal, 64 (3), 209-225. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550517711279
Phillips, J. (2017). Towards a rhizomatic understanding of the desistance journey. The Howard Journal Of Crime and Justice, 56 (1), 92-104. http://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12193
Phillips, J. (2016). Review: Delivering Rehabilitation: The Politics, Governance and Control of Probation. British Journal of Community Justice.
Westaby, C., Phillips, J., & Fowler, A. (2016). Spillover and work-family conflict in probation practice: Managing the boundary between work and home life. European Journal of Probation, 8 (3), 113-127. http://doi.org/10.1177/2066220316680370
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (2016). “It’s relentless”: the impact of working primarily with high risk offenders. Probation Journal, 63 (2), 182-192. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550516648399
Knight, C., Phillips, J., & Chapman, T. (2016). Bringing the feelings back : returning emotions to criminal justice practice. British journal of community justice, 14 (1), 45-58. http://www.cjp.org.uk/bjcj/
Phillips, J. (2016). Myopia and misrecognition : the impact of managerialism on the management of compliance. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 16 (1), 40-59. http://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815594664
Rokkan, T., Phillips, J., Lulei, M., Polenda, S., & Kensey, A. (2015). How was your day? : exploring a day in the life of probation workers across Europe using practice diaries. European Journal of Probation, 7 (3), 201-217. http://doi.org/10.1177/2066220315610242
PHILLIPS, J. (2015). What Works in Offender Compliance: International Perspectives and Evidence-Based Practice P.Ugwudike and P.Raynor (Eds.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2013) 384pp. £27.50pb ISBN 9781137019547. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 54 (4), 403-404. http://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12139_1
Phillips, J. (2014). The architecture of a probation office: a reflection of policy and an impact on practice. Probation Journal, 61 (2), 117-131. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550514523814
Phillips, J. (2014). Probation in the news: transforming rehabilitation. British Journal of Community Justice, 12 (1), 27-48. http://www.cjp.org.uk/bjcj/volume-12-issue-1/
Dominey, J., & Phillips, J. (2012). Complexity, realism and morality: consultations on probation reform. Criminal Justice Matters, 90 (1), 28-29. http://doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2012.751224
Phillips, J. (2011). Target, audit and risk assessment cultures in the probation service. European Journal of Probation, 3 (3), 108-122. http://doi.org/10.1177/206622031100300308
PHILLIPS, J. (2011). What Else Works? Creative Work with Offenders by J. Brayford, F. Cowe, and J. Deering. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 50 (2), 230-231. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00661_5.x
Phillips, J. (2010). The social construction of probation in England and Wales, and the United States : implications for the transferability of probation practice. British journal of community justice, 8 (1). http://www.cjp.org.uk/bjcj/
Phillips, J. (2010). Review: Risks, Identities and the Everyday. Probation Journal, 57 (1), 89-90. http://doi.org/10.1177/0264550509346098
Phillips, J. (n.d.). Editorial PQ23. Probation Quarterly, 23, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/zppl8083
Phillips, J. (n.d.). The impact of the pandemic on probation: lessons for the future. Safer Communities.
Phillips, J. (n.d.). Editorial PQ25. Probation Quarterly, 25, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/bozc4163
Phillips, J. (n.d.). Editorial PQ24. Probation Quarterly, 24, 5-6. http://doi.org/10.54006/hfzi4957
Phillips, J. (n.d.). Editorial PQ26. Probation Quarterly, 26, 5. http://doi.org/10.54006/fvas5863
Conference papers
Phillips, J. (2010). The Physical Space of a Probation Office: Control, Risk and Punishment. In Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference 2010, University of Cambridge.
Book chapters
Ainslie, S., Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Westaby, C. (2022). COVID-19 and Community Sanctions. In Kay, C., & Case, S. (Eds.) Crime, Justice and COVID19. Bristol University Press
Badachha, S., Moore, R., & Phillips, J. (2022). Inspection Work: reimagining probation practice indirectly: how the work of the Inspectorate can support a reimagined rehabilitation. In Burke, L., Carr, N., Cluley, E., Collett, S., & McNeill, F. (Eds.) Reimagining probation practice: re-forming rehabilitation in an age of penal excess. (pp. 189-206). Abingdon: Routledge: http://doi.org/10.4324/9781003172031
Badachha, S., Moore, R., & Phillips, J. (2022). Inspection Work. In Reimagining Probation Practice. (pp. 189-206). Routledge: http://doi.org/10.4324/9781003172031-11
Fletcher, D. (2020). The 'fearsome frowning face of the state' and ex-prisoners: promoting employment or alienation, anger and perpetual punishment? In Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (Eds.) Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. Bristol University Press
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (2020). Introduction: why study emotional labour in criminal justice and criminology. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Westaby, C. (2020). Emotions in context: the marginalisation and persistence of emotional labour in probation. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Waters, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Phillips, J. (2020). Doing criminological research: an emotional labour perspective. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (2020). Conclusion: What do we now know about emotional labour in criminal justice? Culture, context and conflict. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (2020). Introduction: why study emotional labour in criminal justice and criminology. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Westaby, C. (2020). Emotions in context: the marginalisation and persistence of emotional labour in probation. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (2020). Conclusion: What do we now know about emotional labour in criminal justice? Culture, context and conflict. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Waters, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Phillips, J. (2020). Doing criminological research: an emotional labour perspective. In Phillips, J., Waters, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (Eds.) Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Phillips, J. (2020). Understanding the Privatisation of Probation through the lens of Bourdieu’s Field Theory. In Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (Eds.) Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. Policy Press: https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/marketisation-and-privatisation-in-criminal-justice
Phillips, J. (2020). Understanding the Privatisation of Probation through the lens of Bourdieu’s Field Theory. In Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (Eds.) Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. Policy Press: https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/marketisation-and-privatisation-in-criminal-justice
Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (2020). Introduction. In Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. (pp. 1-12). Policy Press: http://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv138wr8f.7
Ugwudike, P., & Phillips, J. (2019). Compliance during community-based penal supervision. In Ugwudike, P., Graham, H., McNeill, F., Raynor, P., Taxman, F., & Trotter, C. (Eds.) Routledge Companion to Rehabilitative Work in Criminal Justice. Routledge: https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Rehabilitative-Work-in-Criminal-Justice-1st/Ugwudike-Graham-McNeill-Raynor-Taxman-Trotter/p/book/9781138102057
Fowler, A., Phillips, J., & Westaby, C. (2017). Understanding emotions as effective practice. The performance of emotional labour in building relationships. In Ugwudike, P., Raynor, P., & Annison, J. (Eds.) Evidence-based skills in community justice : international research on supporting rehabilitation and desistance. Bristol: Policy Press: http://policypress.co.uk/evidence-based-skills-in-criminal-justice#book-detail-tabs-stison-block-content-1-0-tab1
Phillips, J. (2013). Understanding ‘the relationship’in English probation supervision. In Durnescu, I., & McNeill, F. (Eds.) Understanding Penal Practice. Routledge
Books
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (Eds.). (2020). Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Abingdon: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Waters, J. (Eds.). (2020). Emotional Labour in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Abingdon: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Emotional-Labour-in-Criminal-Justice-and-Criminology-1st-Edition/Phillips-Waters-Westaby-Fowler/p/book/9780367152017
Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (Eds.). (2020). Marketisation and privatisation in criminal justice. Bristol: Policy Press. https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/marketisation-and-privatisation-in-criminal-justice
Albertson, K., Corcoran, M., & Phillips, J. (Eds.). (2020). Marketisation and privatisation in criminal justice. Bristol: Policy Press. https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/marketisation-and-privatisation-in-criminal-justice
Reports
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., Fowler, A., & Ainslie, S. (2022). Putting professional curiosity into practice. HMI Probation. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/08/Academic-Insights-Phillips-et-al-v1.5.pdf
Phillips, J., Barry, C., Padfield, N., Gelsthorpe, P., & Mullin, J. (2022). Probation staff experiences of working with people at risk of suicide and/or self harm. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation.
Phillips, J., Hamilton, P., Coleman, C., Whitfield, K., & De Hoog, F. (2022). Promising approaches to knife crime: an exploratory study. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/05/RAB-2022-03-Promising-approaches-to-knife-crime-v1.1.pdf
Westaby, C., Phillips, J., Fowler, A., & Ainslie, S. (2021). An evaluation of the implementation of reflective practice supervision standards in the national probation service. Sheffield Hallam University. http://doi.org/10.7190/shu.HKCIJ.07.21
Phillips, J. (2021). Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice. http://doi.org/10.7190/shu.HKCIJ.05.2021
Phillips, J., Kawalek, A., & Greenslake, A.-.M. (2020). An evaluation of the Choices and Consequences and Prolific Intensive programmes in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. Sheffield Hallam University.
Phillips, J., Westaby, C., & Fowler, A. (2020). Emotional Labour in Probation. HMI Probation. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2020/04/Emotional-Labour-in-Probation.pdf
Phillips, J., Albertson, K., Fowler, A., & Collinson, B. (2020). The role of community hubs in helping to deliver probation services and support desistance. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2020/03/GS-Community-hubs-RAB-Mar-20-final.pdf
Phillips, J., Gelsthorpe, L., & Padfield, N. (2016). Non-natural deaths following prison and police custody. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/non-natural_deaths_following_prison_and_police_custody_2.pdf
Gelsthorpe, L., Padfield, N., & Phillips, J. (2012). Deaths on probation: an analysis of data regarding people dying under probation supervision; a report for the Howard league for penal reform. Howard League for Penal Reform.
Phillips, J. (2011). The exercise of discretion in the probation service and Bottoms’ model of compliance. Howard League for Penal Reform.
Internet Publications
Phillips, J. (2020). Soundscapes of Probation. https://sensorycriminology.com/2020/08/24/soundscapes-of-probation/
Phillips, J. (2020). Delivering Probation during the Covid-19 Pandemic. https://sheffieldinstituteforpolicystudies.com/2020/04/30/delivering-probation-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/
Phillips, J. (2019). Emotion in probation. https://www.napomagazine.org.uk/emotion-in-probation/
Phillips, J. (2019). Why Do So Many People Keep Dying On Probation? https://www.russellwebster.com/probationdeaths19/
Phillips, J. (2018). Why Are So Many People Dying On Probation? https://www.russellwebster.com/probationdeaths18/
Other activities
Member of the Editorial Board and Book Reviews Editor (with Anne Robinson) for the British Journal of Community Justice
Member of the Advisory Board of the European Journal of Probation
Member of the British Society of Criminology and the Howard League for Penal Reform
Associate Editor and Section Editor for Community Sanctions of International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
Probation Journal editorial board
British Journal of Community Justice editorial board
European Journal of Probation advisory board
Member of the British Society of Criminology
Independent Academic Advisory Panel, Probation Institute
Ministry of Justice Expert Network
Postgraduate supervision
I am currently supervising two PhD students. The first is an analysis of Black women's experiences of the criminal justice system. The second is an exploration of how universities can reduce the attainment gap for BAME students.
I am open to supervising PhD students - please email me to discuss relevant proposals.
Media
Jake is a lecturer in criminology at Sheffield Hallam University. His research interests revolve around the probation service, particularly the impact of policy change on practice and culture in probation services. He also conducts research into desistance from offending as well as penology more broadly. He has a keen interest in the wave of privatisation currently occurring in the criminal justice system.
Before coming to SHU in September 2012 Jake completed his PhD at the University of Cambridge. He has also conducted research into probation culture and probation workers’ values, Bail Accommodation and Support Schemes, and an analysis of data of deaths under probation supervision.